Thursday, October 29, 2020

A to Z Abbreviation for Engineering Study




A to Z Abbreviation for Engineering Study... Like Civil, Mechanical Or Electrical... By Raj sir... 


A - compressed air line or area

ABC - above ceiling

AC - air chamber, alternating current

A/C - air conditioning

AFF - above finished floor

AFG - above finished grade

AL - aluminum

AMB - ambient

AMP - ampere

ARR - arrangement

ATC - automatic temperature control, at ceiling

ATM - atmosphere

AUTO - automatic

AUX - auxiliary

AVG - average

BBD - boiler blowdown

BF - boiler feed

BHP - boiler horsepower, brake horsepower

BOD - bottom of duct

BOP - bottom of pipe

BOT - bottom

BP - back pressure

B & S - bell-and-spigot

BSMT - basement

BTU - British thermal unit

BV - butterfly valve

oC - degrees Celsius

C - condensate line

C to C - center to center

CA - compressed air

CAL - calorie

CAP - capacity

CD - condensate drain

CF - chemical feed, cubic foot

CFH - cubic feet per hour

CFM - cubic feet per minute

CI - cast iron

CIRC - circular

CL - center line

CM - centimetre

CM2 - square centimetre

CO - clean out

COL - column

CONC - concrete, concentric

CONN - connect, connection

CONT - continuation

CPVC - chlorinated polyvinyl chloride

CR - condenser return

CRW - chemical resistant waste

CS - condenser supply

CTR - center

CU - cubic

CU FT. - cubic feet

CU IN. - cubic inches

CV - check valve

CW - cold water

CWR - cold water riser

D - drain, deep

DB - dry bulb

DDC - direct digital control

DEG - degree

DELTAT - temperature difference

DET - detail

DIA - diameter

DISC - disconnect

DN - down

DP - dew point temperature

DR - drain

DWG - drawing

EA - exhaust air, each

EAT - entering temperature

EATR – Exhaust Air Transfer Ratio - to identify the amount of exhaust air transferred to inlet air in an energy recovery ventilator

E to C - end to center

EER - energy efficient ratio

EFF - efficiency

EJ - expansion joint

EL - elevation

ELB - elbow

ELEC - electrical

ENT - entering

ERV – Energy Recovery Ventilator

ESP - external static pressure

ET - expansion tank

EVAP - evaporator

EWT - entering water temperature

EXH - exhaust

EXP - expansion

EXST - existing

EXT - external

oF - degrees Fahrenheit

F - Fahrenheit

FC - flexible connector, flexible connection

FCO - floor clean out

FD - floor drain

FDW - feed water

FEC - fire extinguisher cabinet

FF - finish floor

FG - finish grade

FHC - fire hose cabinet

FLA - full load amps

FLR - floor

FM - flow meter

FO - fuel oil

FOV - flush out valve

FPM - feet per minute

FPS - feet per second

FS - flow switch, federal specs

FT - foot, feet

FTG - fitting

FU - fixture unit

FV - flush valve

G - gram, gas line

GA - gauge

GAL - gallons

GALV - galvanized

GL.V - globe valve

GND - ground

GPD - gallons per day

GPH - gallons per hour

GPM - gallons per minute

GPS - gallons per second

GR - grain

GV - gate valve

GWH - gas water heater

H2O - water

HB - hose bibb

HD - head

Hg - mercury

HGT - height

HMD - humidity

HORIZ - horizontal

HP - horsepower

HR - hour

HRV – Heat Recovery Ventilator

HTD - heated

HTR - heater

HW - hot water

HWH - hot water heater

HWR - hot water return, hot water riser

HWS - hot water supply

HWT - hot water tank

HZ - herts

ID - inside diameter

IN. - inch

INHg - inches of mercury

INSUL - insulation

INT - international

INTL - internal

IPS - iron pipe size

IV - indirect vent

IW - indirect waste

J - joule

K - kelvin

KG - kilogram

KM - kilometre

KM2 - square kilometre

KPA - kilo pascal

KS - kitchen sink

KW - kilowatt

L - length, liter

LAT - leaving air temperature

LB. - pound

LBF - pound-force

LIQ - liquid

LP - low pressure

LRA - locked rotor amps

LVL - level

LVR - louver

LWT - leaving water temperature

M - meter

M2 - square meter

M TYPE - lightest type of rigid copper pipe

MAN - manual

MAT - mixed air temperature

MAX - maximum

MBH - thousand British thermal units per hour

MFR - manufacturer

MG - milligram

MGD - millions gallons per day

MIN - minimum or minute

ML - milliliter

MM - millimetre

MM3 - cubic millimetre

MPT - male pipe thread

MTD - mounted

MU - make up

NA - not applicable

NC - normally closed

NEG - negative

NIC - not in contact

NO - normally open

NPHP - name plate horsepower

NPS - nominal pipe size

NPSH - net positive suction head

NTS - not to scale

O - oxygen

OA - outside air

OAT - outside temperature

OC - on center

OD - outside diameter

OED - open end duct

OF - overflow

OV - outlet velocity

OZ. - ounce

PA - pascal

PC - plumbing contractor

PCR - pumped condensate return

PD - pressure drop

PF - power factor

PG - pressure gauge

PL - plate

PNEU - pneumatic

PRESS - pressure

PROP - propeller

PRV - pressure reducing valve

PSI - pounds per square inch

PSIA - pound per square inch absolute

PSIG - pound per square inch gauge

PV - plug valve

QTY - quantity

RA - return air

RAD - radius

RAT - return air temperature

RD - roof drain

R/E - return and exhaust

RECOV - recovery

RED - reducer

REF - reference

RH - relative humidity

REQD - required

REV - revision

RL - refrigerant liquid

RLA - Rated Load Amperes

RM - room

RS - refrigerant suction

RTN - return

RV - relief valve

S - switch

SA - shock absorber, supply air

SAT - supply air temperature

SCH - schedule

SDT - saturated discharge temperature

SEC - seconds, secondary

SENS - sensible

SEP - separate

SEQ - sequence

SER - series

SERV - service

SF - service factor

SHT - sheet

SI - international systems of units

SOL - solenoid

SP - static pressure

SPEC - specification

SQ. - square

SQ.FT. - square feet

SS - stainless steel

SSH - static suction head

SST - saturated suction temperature

STD - standard

STH - static total head

STL - steel

SUCT - suction

SPLY - supply

SV - service

SVH - static velocity head

SW - service weight

SWS - service water

TD - temperature difference

TDH - total dynamic head

TEMP - temperature

TH - thermometer

THK - thick

TP - total pressure

TSP - total static pressure

UF - under floor

UH - unit heater

V - vent, volt, volume

VAC - vacuum

VAV - variable air volume

VB - vacuum breaker

VCI - vacuum cleaning inlet

VCL - vacuum cleaning line

VEL - velocity

VERT - vertical

VIB - vibration

VOL - volume

VSD - variable speed drive

VP - velocity pressure

VTR - vent thru roof

W - watt, width, wide

WB - wet bulb

WCO - wall clean out

WG - water gauge

WH - water heater


Pipe line Tricks... Abbreviation System, Pipe Contents... 


CHWR Chilled Water Return Green - White


CHWS Chilled Water Supply Green - White


CWR Condenser Water Return Green - White


CWS Condenser Water Supply Green - White


FOR Fuel Oil Return Yellow - Black


FOS Fuel Oil Supply Yellow - Black


HPC High Pressure Condensate Blue - White


HPS High Pressure Steam (above 125#) Blue - White


HWR Hot Water Heating Return Green - White


HWS Hot Water Heating Supply Green - White


LPC Low Pressure Condensate Blue - White


LPS Low Pressure Steam (below 25#) Blue - White


MPC Medium Pressure Condensate Blue - White


MPS Medium Pressure Steam


(above 25# - below 125#) Blue - White


PCR Pumped Condensate Return Blue - White


ACID Acid Waste Orange - Black


BR Brine Water Orange - Black


FIRE Fire Suppression Water Red - White


HAZ Hazardous Waste Orange - Black


DI or RO High Purity Water Green - White


DCW Potable Cold Water Green - White


DHW Potable Hot Water Supply Green - White


DHWR Potable Hot Water Return Green - White


NG Natural Gas Yellow - Black


LN2 Nitrogen (liquid) Black - White


Med Air Medical air Yellow - Black


CO2 Carbon dioxide Gray - White


He Helium Brown - White


N2 Nitrogen Black - White


N2O Nitrous oxide Blue - White


O2 Oxygen Green - White


WAGD Waste anesthetic gas disposal Violet - White


Lab Air Laboratory air Yellow and White checkerboard - Black


Lab Vac Laboratory vacuum White and Black checkerboard - Black boxed


IA Instrument air Red - White


CFHE Chemical Fume Hood Exhaust Purple - White


BCE Biosafety Cabinet Exhaust Purple - White


RE Radioisotope Exhaust Yellow - magenta

ETOE ETO Exhaust Purple - white

Shortcut Keys System

Shortcut Keys System


CTRL+A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Select All
CTRL+C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Copy
CTRL+X. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cut
CTRL+V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Paste
CTRL+Z. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Undo
CTRL+B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bold
CTRL+U. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Underline
CTRL+I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Italic
F1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Help
F2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rename selected object
F3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Find all files
F4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Opens file list drop-down in dialogs
F5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Refresh current window
F6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shifts focus in Windows Explorer
F10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Activates menu bar options
ALT+TAB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cycles between open applications
ALT+F4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Quit program, close current window
ALT+F6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Switch between current program windows
ALT+ENTER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Opens properties dialog
ALT+SPACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . System menu for current window
ALT+¢ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . opens drop-down lists in dialog boxes
BACKSPACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . Switch to parent folder
CTRL+ESC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Opens Start menu
CTRL+ALT+DEL . . . . . . . . . . Opens task manager, reboots the computer
CTRL+TAB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Move through property tabs
CTRL+SHIFT+DRAG . . . . . . . Create shortcut (also right-click, drag)
CTRL+DRAG . . . . . . . . . . . . . Copy File
ESC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cancel last function
SHIFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Press/hold SHIFT, insert CD-ROM to bypass auto-play
SHIFT+DRAG . . . . . . . . . . . . Move file
SHIFT+F10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Opens context menu (same as right-click)
SHIFT+DELETE . . . . . . . . . . . Full wipe delete (bypasses Recycle Bin)
ALT+underlined letter . . . . Opens the corresponding menu
PC Keyboard Shortcuts
Document Cursor Controls
HOME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to beginning of line or far left of field or screen
END . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to end of line, or far right of field or screen
CTRL+HOME . . . . . . . . to the top
CTRL+END . . . . . . . . . . to the bottom
PAGE UP . . . . . . . . . . . . moves document or dialog box up one page
PAGE DOWN . . . . . . . . moves document or dialog down one page
ARROW KEYS . . . . . . . move focus in documents, dialogs, etc.
CTRL+ > . . . . . . . . . . . . next word
CTRL+SHIFT+ > . . . . . . selects word
Windows Explorer Tree Control
Numeric Keypad * . . . Expand all under current selection
Numeric Keypad + . . . Expands current selection
Numeric Keypad – . . . Collapses current selection
¦ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expand current selection or go to first child
‰ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Collapse current selection or go to parent
Special Characters
‘ Opening single quote . . . alt 0145
’ Closing single quote . . . . alt 0146
“ Opening double quote . . . alt 0147
“ Closing double quote. . . . alt 0148
– En dash. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0150
— Em dash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0151
… Ellipsis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0133
• Bullet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0149
® Registration Mark . . . . . . . alt 0174
© Copyright . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0169
™ Trademark . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0153
° Degree symbol. . . . . . . . . alt 0176
¢ Cent sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0162
1⁄4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0188
1⁄2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0189
3⁄4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0190
PC Keyboard Shortcuts
Creating unique images in a uniform world! Creating unique images in a uniform world!
é . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0233
É . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0201
ñ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0241
÷ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alt 0247
File menu options in current program
Alt + E Edit options in current program
F1 Universal help (for all programs)
Ctrl + A Select all text
Ctrl + X Cut selected item
Shift + Del Cut selected item
Ctrl + C Copy selected item
Ctrl + Ins Copy selected item
Ctrl + V Paste
Shift + Ins Paste
Home Go to beginning of current line
Ctrl + Home Go to beginning of document
End Go to end of current line
Ctrl + End Go to end of document
Shift + Home Highlight from current position to beginning of line
Shift + End Highlight from current position to end of line
Ctrl + f Move one word to the left at a time
Ctrl + g Move one word to the right at a time
MICROSOFT® WINDOWS® SHORTCUT KEYS
Alt + Tab Switch between open applications
Alt +
Shift + Tab
Switch backwards between open
applications
Alt + Print
Screen
Create screen shot for current program
Ctrl + Alt + Del Reboot/Windows® task manager
Ctrl + Esc Bring up start menu
Alt + Esc Switch between applications on taskbar
F2 Rename selected icon
F3 Start find from desktop
F4 Open the drive selection when browsing
F5 Refresh contents
Alt + F4 Close current open program
Ctrl + F4 Close window in program
Ctrl + Plus
Key
Automatically adjust widths of all columns
in Windows Explorer
Alt + Enter Open properties window of selected icon
or program
Shift + F10 Simulate right-click on selected item
Shift + Del Delete programs/files permanently
Holding Shift
During Bootup
Boot safe mode or bypass system files
Holding Shift
During Bootup
When putting in an audio CD, will prevent
CD Player from playing
WINKEY SHORTCUTS
WINKEY + D Bring desktop to the top of other windows
WINKEY + M Minimize all windows
WINKEY +
SHIFT + M
Undo the minimize done by WINKEY + M
and WINKEY + D
WINKEY + E Open Microsoft Explorer
WINKEY + Tab Cycle through open programs on taskbar
WINKEY + F Display the Windows® Search/Find feature
WINKEY +
CTRL + F
Display the search for computers window
WINKEY + F1 Display the Microsoft® Windows® help
WINKEY + R Open the run window
WINKEY +
Pause /Break
Open the system properties window
WINKEY + U Open utility manager
WINKEY + L Lock the computer (Windows XP® & later)
OUTLOOK® SHORTCUT KEYS
Alt + S Send the email
Ctrl + C Copy selected text
Ctrl + X Cut selected text
Ctrl + P Open print dialog box
Ctrl + K Complete name/email typed in address bar
Ctrl + B Bold highlighted selection
Ctrl + I Italicize highlighted selection
Ctrl + U Underline highlighted selection
Ctrl + R Reply to an email
Ctrl + F Forward an email
Ctrl + N Create a new email
Ctrl + Shift + A Create a new appointment to your calendar
Ctrl + Shift + O Open the outbox
Ctrl + Shift + I Open the inbox
Ctrl + Shift + K Add a new task
Ctrl + Shift + C Create a new contact
Ctrl + Shift+ J Create a new journal entry
WORD® SHORTCUT KEYS
Ctrl + A Select all contents of the page
Ctrl + B Bold highlighted selection
Ctrl + C Copy selected text
Ctrl + X Cut selected text
Ctrl + N Open new/blank document
Ctrl + O Open options
Ctrl + P Open the print window
Ctrl + F Open find box
Ctrl + I Italicize highlighted selection
Ctrl + K Insert link
Ctrl + U Underline highlighted selection
Ctrl + V Paste
Ctrl + Y Redo the last action performed
Ctrl + Z Undo last action
Ctrl + G Find and replace options
Ctrl + H Find and replace options
Ctrl + J Justify paragraph alignment
Ctrl + L Align selected text or line to the left
Ctrl + Q Align selected paragraph to the left
Ctrl + E Align selected

Sunday, October 4, 2020

Special Spoken English By Raj sir

 




 Royal family vocabulary:

1. King (राजा): the male ruler of an independent state, especially one who inherits the position by right of birth.

2. Queen (रानी): the female ruler of an independent state, especially one who inherits the position by right of birth.

3. Princess (राजकुमारी): the daughter of a monarch.

4. Prince (राजकुमार): the son of a monarch.

5. Knight (शूरवीर): (in the Middle Ages) a man who served his sovereign or lord as a mounted soldier in armour.

6. Duke (शासक): a male holding the highest hereditary title in the British and certain other peerages.

7. Duchess (शासक की पत्नी): the wife of a duke.

8. Highness (महारानी): a title given to a person of royal rank, or used in addressing them.

9. Count (यूरोपिय देशों में कुलीन व प्रभावशाली व्यक्तियों को दी जाने वाली एक उपाधि): a foreign nobleman whose rank corresponds to that of an earl.

10. Baron (इंग्लैंड का सबसे नीचे के दर्जे का लार्ड): a member of the lowest order of the British nobility. Baron is not used as a form of address, barons usually being referred to as ‘Lord’.

11. Monarch (सम्राट): a sovereign head of state, especially a king, queen, or emperor.

12. Descendant (वंशज): a person, plant, or animal that is descended from a particular ancestor.

13. Reign (राज्य-काल): the period of rule of a monarch.

14. Commoner (साधारण नागरिक): one of the ordinary or common people, as opposed to the aristocracy or to royalty.


 Postal related words:

1. Address (पता): the particulars of the place where someone lives or an organization is situated.
"They exchanged addresses and agreed to keep in touch"

2. Addressee (जिसको पत्र लिखा जाए): the person to whom something is addressed.
"The contents of the letters were calculated to cause distress to the individual addressee"

3. Dispatch (जल्दी भेजना): to send off or away with promptness or speed
"Dispatch a letter"

4. Correspondence (चिट्ठी): communication by exchanging letters.
"The organization engaged in detailed correspondence with management"

5. Postal code (डाक कोड): a series of letters or digits or both, sometimes including spaces or punctuation, included in a postal address for the purpose of sorting mail.
"Don't forget to mention your postal code."

6. Freight (जहाज या रेलगाड़ी पर लदा हुआ माल): goods transported in bulk by truck, train, ship, or aircraft.
"A decline in the amount of freight carried by rail"

7. Letterhead (जिस पर पत्र लिखा जाता है): a printed heading on stationery, stating a person or organization's name and address.
"Write to the company's registered office, which you can normally get from their letterhead"

8. Mailman (डाकिया): a postman.
"The mailman would be here soon."

9. Postage (डाक): the sending of letters and parcels by post.
"Proof of postage is required"

10. Stamp (डाक टिकट): fix a postage stamp or stamps on to (a letter).
"Annie stamped the envelope for her"

11. Express delivery (जब कस्टमर को डिलीवरी जल्दी चाहिए होती है तो वह थोड़े ज़्यादा रुपये देकर जल्दी डिलीवर करवा लेता है): Express mail is an accelerated mail delivery service for which the customer pays a surcharge and receives faster delivery.
"If you are in a hurry, choose the option of express delivery."

 Quotes on Gandhi Jayanti:

1. An eye for eye only ends up making the whole world blind. (बदले की भावना विश्व को अँधा बना सकती है)

2. You must be the change you wish to see in the world. (वह परिवर्तन बनो जो तुम दुनिया में देखना चाहते हो)

3. The weak can never forgive. Forgiveness is the attribute of the strong. (कमज़ोर कभी माफ़ नहीं कर सकते हैं, क्षमा ताकतवर व्यक्ति की विशेषता है)

4. Happiness is when what you think, what you say, and what you do are in harmony. (ख़ुशी तब मिलेगी जब आप जो सोचते हैं, जो कहते हैं और जो करते हैं, सामंजस्य में हों.)

5. The best way to find yourself is to lose yourself in the service of others. (स्वयं को जानने का सर्वश्रेष्ठ तरीका है स्वयं को औरों की सेवा में डुबो देना.)

6. A man is but the product of his thoughts; what he thinks, he becomes (व्यक्ति अपने विचारों से निर्मित प्राणी है, वह जो सोचता है वही बन जाता है.)


 Why do we use this and these? = हम this और these का उपयोग क्यों करते हैं?
We use this (singular) and these (plural) as demonstrative pronouns: = हम this (एकवचन) और these (बहुवचन) का प्रयोग demonstrative pronouns के रूप में करते हैं:

1. To talk about people or things near us: लोगों या हमारे पास की चीज़ो के बारे में बात करने के लिए:

Example: This is a nice cup of tea.
Whose shoes are these?

2. To introduce people: लोगों का परिचय देने के लिए

Example: This is Janet.
These are my friends, John and Michael.

WARNING:

We don’t say These are John and Michael.
We say This is John and this is Michael.

- to introduce ourselves to begin a conversation on the phone: फोन पर बातचीत शुरू करने के लिए खुद का परिचय देने के लिए:

Hello, this is David, Can I speak to Sally?

Why do we use that and those? - We use that (singular) and those (plural): हम that (singular) और those (plural) का उपयोग क्यों करते हैं? 

- to talk about things that are not near us: उन चीज़ो के बारे में बात करने के लिए जो हमारे पास नहीं हैं.

What’s that?
This is our house, and that’s Rebecca’s house over there.
Those are very expensive shoes.

- We also use 'that' to refer back to something someone said or did:

Examples: 
- Shall we go to the cinema?
- Yes, that’s a good idea.
- I’ve got a new job.
- That’s great.
- I’m very tired.
- Why is that?

Use of this, these, that, those with nouns: This, these, that, those का प्रयोग संज्ञा के साथ किया जाता है.
You can also use demonstratives before a noun. These are called 'demonstrative adjectives'.

The Demonstrative Adjective needs to agree (= be the same form) as the noun.

Examples of demonstrative adjectives:Demonstrative adjectives के उदाहरण

This party is boring. (singular)
That city is busy. (singular)
These chocolates are delicious. (plural)
Those flowers are beautiful. (plural)
We also use this, these, that and those with nouns to show proximity

We use 'this' and 'these' for people or things near us:

Examples:
We have lived in this house for twenty years.
Have you read all of these books?

We use 'that' and 'those' for people or things that are not near us:

Examples:
Who lives in that house?
Who are those people?


 Tricky prepositions:

1. Into v/s In to

Into: The preposition 'into' indicates direction, as in going inside of something. (Into का वाक्य में इस्तेमाल दिशा बताने या इशारा करने के लिए किया जाता है)
We drove into the city.

In to: This means, in order to (उद्देश्य बताना)
A customer came in to order a Pizza

2. Ask for v/s Ask to

Ask for: The preposition 'ask for' is used to make a request for an object(noun) (Ask for preposition का इस्तेमाल निवेदन या अनुरोध करने के लिए किया जाता है)
I asked for a doughnut and orange juice. 

Ask to:  The preposition 'ask to' is used to request for an action(verb) (Ask to का वाक्य में इस्तेमाल कार्य के लिए निवेदन करने के लिए किया जाता है)
My mother asked me to clean my room.


3. Think of v/s think about
Think of: The preposition ''think of'' means to have an idea or image of someone or something in your mind. (Think of preposition का इस्तेमाल किसी चीज़ पर विचार करने लिए होता है)
Think of a number between one to ten

Think about: To 'think about' means to concentrate on a certain thing in order to understand it, remember it, or make a decision about it. (Think about का वाक्य में इस्तेमाल किसी चीज़ को समझना या उस पर निर्णय लेने के लिए किया जाता है)
This beautiful scene made me think about our last holiday.

4. Heard of v/s heard about
Heard of: implies, the speaker is aware of the existence of something (जब बोलने वाले व्यक्ति को किसी बात या चीज़ का अंदाज़ा हो, तब 'heard of' preposition का इस्तेमाल होता है)
I have heard of this wonderful magic. 

Heard about:  Heard about implies, the speaker has a complete knowledge of something (जब बोलने वाले व्यक्ति को किसी बात या चीज़ के बारे में पता हो, तब heard about का इस्तेमाल किया जाता है)
I have never heard about that policy before.

5. Among v/s between

Among: Among is used for several things
An elk stood among the trees.

Between: Between is used for describe only two things
Anne’s shop is between the library and a diner.


7 तरीके 'I love you' बोलने के, अंग्रेज़ी में 

1. First, I'm crazy about you! - मैं आपके लिए पागल हूँ. 

2. second, I cannot stop thinking about you. - मैं आपके बारे में सोचना बंद नहीं कर पा रहा.

3. third, I'm head over heels in love with you. - मैं आपके प्यार में डूब गया हूँ. 

4. fourth, I am smitten by you. - मैं आपसे बहुत आकर्षित हूँ. 

5. fifth, I adore you! - मैं आपको बहुत चाहता हूँ.

6. Sixth, You are the love of my life! - आप मरे जीवन के इकलौते प्यार हैं. 

7. seventh, I want to spend the rest of my life with you मैं अपनी बची हुई ज़िन्दगी आपके साथ गुजरना चाहता हूँ.


 6 ways to say 'Get well soon':

1. Get well soon - जल्दी ठीक हो जाओ

2. Wish you a speedy recovery - आपके शीघ्र स्वस्थ होने की कामना करते हैं

3. Take good care of yourself - अपनी देखभाल अच्छी तरह से करें

4. Hope you feel better soon - आशा है आप शीघ्र ही बेहतर महसूस करने लगेंगे

5. Hoping you find strength with each new day - आशा है कि आप प्रत्येक नए दिन के साथ ताकत पाएंगे 

6. I hope each new day brings you closer to a full recovery. - मुझे आशा है कि प्रत्येक नया दिन आपको पूरी तरह ठीक होने के करीब लायेगा

7. May good health envelope you - आपका स्वास्थ अच्छा रहे 

8. Hope you feel a little better every day - आशा है आप हर दिन थोड़ा बेहतर महसूस करें

9. Best wishes that you will soon be back to doing all the things you love - शुभकामनाएं कि आप जल्द ही उन सभी चीजों को करगे, जिन्हें आप पसंद करते हैं


Dining Related Words:

1. Appetizer - भूख बढ़ाने वाला
2. Condiments - मसाला 
3. Main course - मुख्य भोज
4. Platter - थाल
5. Salt shaker - नमक दानी
6. Pepper shaker - काली मिर्च की डिब्बी
7. Tablecloth - मेज़ की चादर
8. Pitcher - घड़ा 
9. Cup-saucer - कप तश्तरी
10. Carafe - शीशे की सुराही
11. China Cabinet - एक बड़ा कांच का कबट
12. Cutlery -  चाकू छुरी इत्यादि
13. Serving dish - जिसमें खाना परोसते हैं

 12 Types of doctors:

1. Dermatologist yani skin specialist - त्वचा विशेषज्ञ

2. Cardiologist yani heart specialist - हृदय रोग विशेषज्ञ

3. Gynecologist yani female disease specialist - स्त्री रोग विशेषज्ञ

4. Dentist yani teeth & jaw bones specialist - दांत और जबड़े की हड्डियों के डॉक्टर

5. Ophthalmologist yani eye specialist - नेत्र-विशेषज्ञ

6. Orthopedist yani Muscle and bones specialist - मांसपेशियों और हड्डियों का विशेषज्ञ

7. Gastroenterologist is a doctor who treats diseases of the digestive system. - पेट का डॉक्टर 

8. Neonatologist is a doctor who treats premature and ill newborns - नवजात शिशुओं का डॉक्टर 

9. Neurologist - मस्तिष्क रोग विशेषज्ञ 

10. Pediatrician treats children - बाल रोग चिकित्सक

11. Oncologist is a doctor who treats cancer - कैंसर का डॉक्टर 

12. ENT specialist yani ear nose and throat specialist - कान, नाक, गले का डॉक्टर

 Still v/s yet v/s already:

1. Still - used to talk about something that hasn't finished especially when it was expected to finish earlier. (जब कोई कार्य खत्म न हुआ हो, खासकर जब वह पहले ही खत्म हो जाना चाहिए था, तब still का इस्तेमाल किया जाता है)

- used in questions, affirmative and negative sentences (सकारात्मक, प्रश्नवाचक और नकारात्मक वाक्यों के लिए इस्तेमाल किया जाता है)

He is still angry at his best friend. (वह अभी तक अपने दोस्त से गुस्सा है)
Are you still smoking? I though you had quit. (तुम अभी तक smoke करते हो? मैंने सोचा तुमने smoking छोड़ दी है)

2. Yet - used to talk about something which is expected to happen (अपेक्षित कार्यों के लिए yet का इस्तेमाल किया जाता है)

- used in questions and negative sentences.(प्रश्नवाचक और नकारात्मक वाक्यों के लिए इस्तेमाल किया जाता है)

Have you written the report yet? (क्या तुमनें report लिखी?)
She hasn't finished her homework yet. (उसने अभी तक अपना homework ख़त्म नहीं किया है)

3. Already - used to talk about something that has happened, often earlier than expected. (जब कोई कार्य अपेक्षित समय से बहुत पहले ही ख़त्म हो चुका हो)

- used in affirmative sentences and questions. (प्रश्नवाचक और सकारात्मक वाक्यों के लिए इस्तेमाल किया जाता है)

I already know what I will buy you for your birthday. (मुझे पहले से पता है, मैं तुम्हारे जन्मदिन पर क्या तोहफा दूंगी.)
Has he already left the party? (क्या वह party से चला गया?


Prepositions:

1. Up (ऊपर की ओर): from a lower to a higher point of (something)
E.g. She climbed up a flight of steps.

2. Down (नीचे की ओर): from a higher to a lower point of (something)
E.g. He kept running up and down the stairs.

3. Over (के ऊपर): extending directly upwards from

4. To (से,तक): expressing motion in the direction of (a particular location)

5. Away from (से दूर): to talk about the distance between two places
E.g. How far away from Rome is Naples?

6. Past (के पास से): to or on the further side of
E.g. He rode on past the crossroads.

7. Into (में, भीतर): expressing movement or action with the result that someone or something becomes enclosed or surrounded by something else.
E.g. Cover the bowl and put it into the fridge.

8. Out of (से): from the inside to the outside of; having emerged from
E.g. The cat jumped out of the bucket.

9. Around (चारों ओर): on every side of
E.g. The pavement is built around the park.

10. Onto (पर): moving to a location on the surface of
E.g. We got onto the train.

11. Off (से दूर): moving away and often down from
E.g. He rolled off the bed.

12. Across (के ओर पार): from one side to the other of (a place, area, etc.)
E.g. I ran across the street.

13. Through (के माध्यम से): moving in one side and out of the other side of (an opening, channel, or location)
E.g. He drove through the tunnel.

14. Along (के समानांतर): moving in a constant direction on (a more or less horizontal surface)
E.g. Soon we were driving along a narrow road.


 Afraid related words:

1. Fear - डर

2. Anxiety - उत्सुकता

3. Fearful - भयभीत

4. Scared - डरा हुआ

5. Scary - डरावना

6. Horror - डर

7. Horrified - अत्यंत भय करना

8. Reluctant - असन्तुष्ट

9. Cowed - अभित्रस्त

10. Perturbed - उद्विग्न

11. Disturbed - अशांत

12. Timorous - डरा हुआ

13. Shaking in one's shoes - डरना

14. Anxious - बेचैन

15. Petrified - हक्का बक्का कर देना

16. Nervous - घबराया हुआ

17. Timid - डरपोक

18. Panicky - घबराया हुआ

19. Terror struck - बहुत अधिक भयभीत

20. Faint - बेहोश होकर गिर पढ़ना

21. Fright - भय

22. Frightened - भयभीत

23. Terror - ख़ौफ़

24. Terrified - भयभीत

25. Spooked - डर जाना

26. Spooky - ख़ौफ़नाक

27. Blanched - रक्तहीन

28. Scared to death - बहुत डर जाना

29. Meek - अहंकाररहित व्यक्ति


Excuses for being late: (Late होने के बहाने)

1. Sorry I'm late (माफ़ करें, मुझे आने में थोड़ा समय लग गया.)

2. I overslept (अधिक देर तक सोते रहना)

3. My alarm didn't go off (Alarm का समय पर ना बजना)

4. I had to wait ages for a bus (Bus के लिए बहुत समय तक इंतजार करना)

5. The bus was late (Bus का देर से आना)

6. The traffic was terrible (बहुत ज़्यादा traffic होना)

7. I couldn't find a parking spot (parking के लिए जगह ना मिलना)

8. I got lost while coming here (में यहाँ आते आते खो गया था)

9. I was tied up in a meeting (इसका मतलब है आप meeting में व्यस्त थे और वहां से आना आपके लिए संभव नहीं था)

10. I just lost track of time = you couldn't notice what time 
it was. (मेने समय ही नहीं देखा)

11. Car broke down (tire puncture होना या car की battery का ख़राब होना)

12. Weather was bad (मौसम खराब होना)


 Wishing on Teachers' Day:

1. We thought teaching is more about giving answers, you made us realise it is more about asking questions and making us find answers. Happy Teachers' Day! (हमें लगा था शिक्षण मतलब सारे सवालों के जवाब देना, लेकिन आपने हमें यह एहसास दिलाया कि वह सवाल पूछने और जवाब ढूंढ़ने के बारे में है. शिक्षक दिवस की शुबकामनाएं!)

2. A very Happy Teachers' Day to you sir, for teaching us that some things are supposed to be learnt outside the books! (शिक्षक दिवस की शुभकामनाएं सर, हमें यह पढ़ाने के लिए की कई चीज़ें किताबों के बहार सीखी जाती हैं!)

3. You made us believe in ourselves, and our capabilities, when the world was telling us otherwise! Happy Teachers' Day! (आपने हमें खुद में और अपनी योग्यताओं में विशवास करना सिखाया जब दुनिया हम पर शक कर रही थी! शिक्षक दिवस की शुभकामनाएं!)

4. Thank you for being there for us! You are an inspiration! Happy Teachers' Day! (हमेशा हमारे साथ होने के लिए शुक्रिया! आप हमारे लिए एक प्रेरणा का स्त्रोत हैं! शिक्षक दिवस की शुभकामनाएं!)
 
5. Thank you for igniting the passion for knowledge in us, and being our guiding light. (हमारे अंदर ज्ञान के लिए जूनून पैदा करने के लिए और हमारा मार्गदर्शक बनने के लिए शुक्रिया.)

6. For all your sense of humour in the class, and making the difficult subjects look easy, we thank you from the bottom of our hearts! (आपके पढ़ाने के मजाकिया तरीके, और मुश्किल विषयों को आसान बनाने के लिए हम तहे दिल से आपका शुक्रिया अदा करते हैं!)

7. From where we began to where we will end up, you will always hold a special place in our lives! (हमने जहाँ से शुरुआत करी और जहां भी पहुंचेंगे, आपकी हमारे दिल में हमेशा एक ख़ास जगह रहेगी!)


Prepositions - at, in, on

AT का इस्तेमाल किया जाता है:

1. Specific time (निर्धारित समय) - 
E.g. i) I wake up at 7 o'clock.
 ii) She returned home at midnight.

2. Holiday period (छुट्टी का समय) - 
E.g. i) Everyone seems happy at Christmas.

ON का इस्तेमाल किया जाता है:

1. Days of the week (हफ्ते के दिन)- 
E.g. i) We will visit you on Wednesdays.

2. Specific days (निर्धारित दिन) - 
E.g. i) I return to my country on the 27th.

3. Dates (तारीख) - 
E.g. i) We get together on Christmas Day.

IN का इस्तेमाल किया जाता है:

1. Months (महीने) - 
E.g. i) My birthday is in January.

2. Years (साल) - 
E.g. i) America was discovered in 1492.

3. Seasons (मौसम) - 
E.g. i) I always go to the beach in summer.

4. Length of time (समय सीमा) - 
E.g. i) It will be ready in 20 minutes.

5. Centuries (शताबदी) - 
E.g. i) Life was different in the 15th century.

Parts of the day:

1. IN the morning (सुबह में) - 
E.g. i) I go to the gym in the morning.

2. IN the afternoon (दिन में) -
E.g. i) I often feel tired in the afternoon.

3. IN the evening (शाम में) - 
E.g. i) I study English in the evening.

4. AT the night (रात को) - 
E.g. i) I like to read in bed at night.

On   Day   Part of the day:

E.g. i) We will have a party on Friday night
ii) Our flight leaves on Monday morning.


 News Vocabulary Words:

1. Breaking news (ताज़ा खबर): newly received information about an event that is currently occurring or developing.

2. Trending news (जो खबर लोगों को आकर्षित कर रही हो): a news that has a rapid increase in public interest or attention.

3. Headlines (शीर्षक): a heading at the top of an article or page in a newspaper or magazine.

4. Correspondent (संवाददाता): a person employed to report for a newspaper or broadcasting organization.

5. Obituary (शोक सन्देश): a notice of a death, especially in a newspaper, typically including a brief biography of the deceased person.

6. Columnist (स्तंभकार): a journalist contributing regularly to a newspaper or magazine.

7. Circulation (प्रसार): movement to and fro or around something, especially that of fluid in a closed system.

8. Edition (संस्करण): a particular version of a text maintained by regular revision.

9. Editorial (संपादकीय लेख): relating to the commissioning or preparing of material for publication.

10. Journalism (पत्रकारिता): the activity or profession of writing for newspapers, magazines, or news websites or preparing news to be broadcast.

11. In-depth coverage (किसी खबर के बारे में बहुत विस्तार में लिखना): doing something fully, carefully or with great attention to detail.
[04/10, 11:41 AM] Raj Kumar: English conversations: 

1. Learn to talk about the weather:(मौसम के बारे में बात करना सीखें)

i) Beautiful day, isn't it?(आज का दिन कितना सुन्दर है ना?)

ii) It looks like it's going to rain.(लगता है आज बारिश होने वाली है)

iii) What do you think about the weather today? (आज के मौसम के बारे में आपको क्या लगता है?)

iv) Sun is so bright today.(आज सूर्य कितना चमकदार है)

V) How cold is it outside?(आज बाहर कितनी ठण्ड है?)

2. Learn to talk about events:(घटनाओं के बारे में बात करना सीखें)

i) Did you catch the news today?(क्या तुमनें आज की news पढ़ी?)

ii) What do you think about this strike?(इस हड़ताल के बारे में तुम्हारा क्या सोचना है?)

iii) Did you hear about the fire?(जो आग लगी है, क्या तुमनें उसके बारे में सुना?)

iv) What about the match today? Who is going to win?(आज के match के बारे में तुम्हे क्या लगता है, कौन जीतेगा?) 

V) Did you see the football match today?(क्या तुमनें आज का football match देखा?)

3. Learn to talk about the day:(दिन के बारे में बात करना सीखें)

i) How was your day?(तुम्हारा दिन कैसा रहा?)

ii) Did anything interesting happen today?(क्या आज कुछ मज़ेदार हुआ?)

iii) Any plans for the evening?(शाम के तुम्हारे कोई plans है?)

iv) What are you planning to do after work?(काम के बाद तुम क्या करने की सोच रहे हो?)

4. Learn to talk in office:(दफ्तर में बात करना सीखें)

i) Looking forward to the weekend?(क्या तुम weekend का इंतज़ार कर रहे हो?

ii) How long have you been working here?(तुम यहाँ कितने समय से काम कर रहे हो?)

iii) You seem busy all day!(आज तुम काफी व्यस्थ लग रहे हो?)

iV) You can have a cup of coffee, if you are tired.(अगर तुम थक गए हो, तो coffee पी स


Food and Drink related phrases:

(Food/ Drink सम्बन्धी phrases)

1. Bolt down - eat very quickly (जल्दी जल्दी खाना)
She bolted down her lunch

2. Chop up - cut food into pieces (टुकड़े टुकड़े करना)
He was chopping up onions

3. Pig out - eat a large amount of food (अधिक मात्रा में खाना)
During the weekend he pigged out on fast food

4. Whip up - prepare something to eat very quickly (जल्दी से खाना पकाना)
He whips up a delicious supper every day

5. Warm up - make something warm (कुछ गरम बनाना)
I will warm up some soup for lunch

6. Cut out - stop eating something (खाना न खाना)
I have cut out chocolate completely

7. Cut back - eat less of something (कम मात्रा में खाना)
You should cut back on salty foods

8. Knock back - drink quickly (जल्दी जल्दी पीना)
He knocked back two double vodkas

9. Eat out - have a meal in a restaurant instead of at home (बाहर खाना खाना)
We often eat out at a restaurant

10. Fry up - cook food in hot oil or fat (गरम तेल में खाना पकाना)
Fry up some bacon in hot oil


 American vs. British English Phrases:

1. a bag of flour - a pack of flour
(आटे का थैला)

2. across the street from - opposite
(सड़क के सामने)

3. apartment - flat
(फ्लैट)

4. cafe - coffee shop
(कैफ़े)

5. check (at restaurant) - bill
(बिल)

6. closet - wardrobe
(अलमारी)

7. clothing store - clothes shop
(कपड़ों की दुकान)

8. do the dishes - do the washing up
(बर्तन धो दो)

9. elevator - lift
(लिफ़्ट)

10. fall - autumn
(पतझड़)

11. go to the movies - go to the cinema
(फ़िल्म देखने जा

Mobile Related Words:

1. Handset (मोबाइल फ़ोन) – a mobile phone.

2. Service plan (महीने भर का कॉन्ट्रैक्ट जिसमें आपको बात करने के मिनट मिलते हैं) – a monthly contract that charges calls at a set rate and sometimes gives you a certain amount of free calls.

3. Service provider (कंपनी जो आपके मोबाइल फ़ोन का कनेक्शन देती है)– a company that provides the connection for your mobile phone

4. Coverage (क्षेत्र जहाँ आपका फ़ोन इसतमाल किया जा सकता है) – the area where your mobile phone can be used

5. Pre-paid (जिस सर्विस के लिए आप पहले ही पैसे दे देते हैं)– a service you pay for before you use it

6. Reception (सिग्नल की तीव्रता) – signal strength

7. Text message (एक मैसेज जोकि मोबाइल फ़ोन से भेजा जा सकता है) – a message of up to 160 characters sent from a mobile phone (also called SMS)

8. SIM card (जोकि फ़ोन में लगाया जाता है आपके फ़ोन को सर्विस प्रोवाइडर से जोड़ने के लिए) – the small plastic card that enables your phone to connect to the service provider

9. Credit (प्रे-पेड फ़ोन सर्विस के लिए दिए पैसे) – money to make calls on a pre-paid phone service

10. A top-up voucher (एक टिकट जिससे आप अपने फ़ोन में क्रेडिट डाल सकते हैं) – a ticket to add credit to your mobile phone



 Saying 'Happy Birthday' in English:

1. Many many happy returns of the day - दिन की बहुत बहुत शुभकामनाएं

2. Many more happy returns! - बहुत शुभकामनाएं

3. I wish you a wonderful birthday! - आशा है आपका जन्मदिन शानदार हो!

4. Have a great one! - आपका जन्मदिन अच्छा रहे!

5. Have a good one! - आपका जन्मदिन अच्छा रहे!

6. May your birthday be filled with laughter! - आपके जन्मदिन पर आप हँसते रहें!

7. May you have a fantastic day and many more to come! - आपका यह दिन और आने वाले सारे दिन शानदार रहें!

8. I hope you have a wonderful birthday! - आशा है आपका जन्मदिन शानदार हो!

9. I wish you all the best on your special day. - आपके खास दिन पर आपको बहुत शुभकामनाएं.

10. I hope you have a fantastic day and a fantastic year to come. - आपका दिन और आने वाला साल शानदार रहे.

11. Wishing you a day that is as special as you are. - आपका दिन उतना ही खास हो जितने की आप हैं.

12. Have a fabulous birthday. - आपका जन्मदिन शानदार रहे.

13. Wishing you many more candles to blow. (इसका अर्थ है, आपकी उम्र बहुत लम्बी हो, जितनी उम्र, उतनी मोमबत्तियाँ.)


 How to Thank and say You're Welcome 

Thank You

1. Thank you so much.
2. You are a life saver.
3. What would I do without you?
4. I really appreciate what you've done.
5. I can't thank you enough.
6. You're the best
7. You're too kind.

You're Welcome

1. Anytime
2. Don't mention it
3. Glad to help
4. My pleasure
5. No problem
6. No worries
7. It was nothing


WhatsApp short forms:

1. AFAIK = As far as I know
2. AFK = Away from keyboard
3. ATM = At the moment
4. B/c = Because
5. B/w = Between
6. B4 = Before
7. BBIAB = Be back in a bit
8. BBl = Be back later
9. BFF = Best friends forever
10. BRB = Be right back
11. BTW = By the way
12. CTN = Can't talk now
‌13. CYE = Check your E-mail
14. DI = Download
15. ETA = Estimated time of arrival
16. FWIW = For what it's worth
17. FYI = For your information
18. GG = Good game
19. MMB = Message me back
20. Msg = Message
21. MYOB = Mind your own business
22. N/A = Not available
23. NC = No comment
24. NE1 = Anyone
25. NM = Not much
26. NP = no problem
27. NTN = No thanks needed
28. OMG = Oh my God!
29. OMY = On my way
30. OT = Off topic
31. PC = Personal computer
32. Pls = please
33. POS = Parent over shoulder
34. Ppl = People
35. Re = Regarding
36. SMH = Shaking my head
37. SRY - Sorry
38. THX = Thanks
39. IAC = In any case
40. IC = I see
41. TTYL = Talk to you later
42. IMO: In my opinion 
43. IMHO: In My Humble (Honest) Opinion